Evidence (8974 claims)
Search and filter individual claims pulled from the papers. Looking for a specific finding ("what's the effect on wages?"), you're in the right place. Want to compare whole outcome categories against each other instead? Use the Evidence Explorer.
The board below groups claims two ways: by broad theme (nine paper-level topics) and by outcome category (the 34 claim-level outcomes that the Explorer and Syntheses also use).
Browse by theme
Nine broad, paper-level topics. Click one to filter the claims below.
Adoption
10085 claims
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Productivity
8974 claims
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Governance
8062 claims
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Human-AI Collaboration
7749 claims
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Org Design
5057 claims
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Innovation
4896 claims
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Labor Markets
4088 claims
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Skills & Training
3372 claims
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Inequality
2377 claims
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Claims by outcome category
Counts by direction of finding. These are the same 34 outcome categories the Explorer compares and the Syntheses are written for. A linked row has a published synthesis.
| Outcome | Positive | Negative | Mixed | Null | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other | 882 | 244 | 117 | 1097 | 2424 |
| Governance & Regulation | 1010 | 469 | 229 | 135 | 1875 |
| Organizational Efficiency | 977 | 235 | 149 | 90 | 1462 |
| Technology Adoption Rate | 781 | 299 | 143 | 128 | 1362 |
| Research Productivity | 506 | 155 | 74 | 363 | 1110 |
| Output Quality | 555 | 219 | 71 | 70 | 915 |
| Decision Quality | 395 | 200 | 95 | 54 | 751 |
| Firm Productivity | 523 | 67 | 101 | 27 | 724 |
| AI Safety & Ethics | 262 | 309 | 75 | 36 | 688 |
| Market Structure | 195 | 201 | 135 | 30 | 566 |
| Task Allocation | 248 | 77 | 96 | 38 | 464 |
| Innovation Output | 300 | 34 | 55 | 20 | 411 |
| Skill Acquisition | 207 | 75 | 65 | 21 | 368 |
| Employment Level | 138 | 67 | 119 | 24 | 350 |
| Fiscal & Macroeconomic | 156 | 80 | 53 | 33 | 329 |
| Task Completion Time | 211 | 38 | 13 | 16 | 280 |
| Firm Revenue | 183 | 52 | 29 | 5 | 270 |
| Consumer Welfare | 131 | 77 | 48 | 13 | 269 |
| Inequality Measures | 50 | 141 | 54 | 9 | 254 |
| Worker Satisfaction | 104 | 85 | 25 | 13 | 227 |
| Error Rate | 87 | 112 | 11 | 5 | 215 |
| Automation Exposure | 69 | 69 | 37 | 20 | 198 |
| Wages & Compensation | 102 | 49 | 31 | 11 | 193 |
| Team Performance | 115 | 30 | 30 | 11 | 187 |
| Regulatory Compliance | 88 | 74 | 17 | 7 | 186 |
| Training Effectiveness | 109 | 22 | 14 | 21 | 168 |
| Developer Productivity | 116 | 21 | 15 | 8 | 161 |
| Job Displacement | 12 | 92 | 26 | 1 | 131 |
| Hiring & Recruitment | 57 | 12 | 9 | 5 | 83 |
| Skill Obsolescence | 6 | 59 | 10 | 2 | 77 |
| Social Protection | 43 | 17 | 8 | 2 | 70 |
| Creative Output | 35 | 21 | 9 | 4 | 70 |
| Labor Share of Income | 18 | 23 | 17 | 1 | 59 |
| Worker Turnover | 15 | 16 | — | 4 | 35 |
| Industry | — | — | — | 1 | 1 |
Productivity
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The Article develops two core organizing models: the Legal Services Value Chain and the Innovation Frontier.
Explicit claim in the Article describing conceptual/model contributions (theoretical/model-building).
This Article provides a practical framework for navigating the shifting terrain of legal innovation and AI.
Statement of purpose in the Article (conceptual contribution; framework development). No empirical validation reported in the excerpt.
The SRL did not generate designs with significantly better performance than RWL, even though it explored a different region of the design space.
Empirical comparison on the battery pack design task showing no significant performance improvement of SRL over RWL despite differing exploration; exact statistical tests, p-values, and sample sizes are not provided in the excerpt.
The empirical analysis is based on A-share listed companies from 2015 to 2023.
Data description in the paper stating the study sample and time period (A-share listed firms, 2015–2023).
Three interlocking threads characterize AI for science: (1) AI as research instrument, (2) AI for research infrastructure, and (3) the reshaping of scholarly profiles and incentives by machine-readable metrics.
Conceptual framework presented in the paper; organization of topics rather than empirical measurement. The paper indicates these threads are followed through historical and contemporary examples.
The history of artificial intelligence for scientific discovery is not a two year story about chatbots learning to write papers; it is a sixty year story beginning with DENDRAL (1965).
Historical narrative / literature review citing early systems such as DENDRAL (1965) and subsequent developments in scholarly infrastructure (arXiv, Google Scholar, ORCID). No empirical sample or statistical test reported.
At the macroeconomic level, Kazakhstan's state programs (e.g., 'Digital Kazakhstan' and the Industrial and Innovation Development Program) and international indices (WIPO Global Innovation Index, OECD digital assessments, IMF data) are used to evaluate and position Kazakhstan within the global digital economy.
Macro-level analysis using national programs and international indices described in the article to assess Kazakhstan's digital economy standing.
Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has shown strong microscopic performance in car-following conditions, but its macroscopic traffic flow characteristics remain underexplored.
Literature synthesis / motivation in the paper (review of existing DRL work focused on microscopic performance). No empirical sample size.
For readers less familiar with the Bayesian and decision-theoretic language, key terms are defined in a glossary at the end of the article.
Statement about the article's structure and supporting material (presence of glossary noted in the article).
The gap between a continuously updated belief state and your frozen deployed model is 'learning debt.'
Terminology/definition introduced by the author in the article (glossary and definitional exposition).
Model retraining is usually treated as an ongoing maintenance task.
Author's descriptive claim in the article; presented as an observation about prevailing practice (no empirical sample or data reported).
Afriat's theorem guarantees that demand satisfies the Generalized Axiom of Revealed Preference (GARP) if and only if it can be generated by maximizing some utility function subject to a budget constraint.
Theoretical claim citing Afriat's theorem (mathematical result used as foundational justification in the paper).
We fine-tune Amazon Chronos-2, a transformer-based probabilistic time-series model, on synthetic data generated from utility-maximizing agents.
Methods described in the paper: authors report fine-tuning Chronos-2 on synthetically generated time series from utility-maximizing agents (methodological statement).
Data sources include field research conducted in 2024 and public reports from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the National Bureau of Statistics.
Paper statement describing data provenance: field surveys in 2024 (n=326) plus public reports from MIIT and National Bureau of Statistics.
The visualization avoided redistributing value.
Reported result from the within-subjects experiment (N=32) stating that the visualization did not redistribute value between parties (i.e., it improved outcomes/efficiency without changing value split).
Human-like presentations did not raise conformity pressure.
Reported experimental result: manipulaton of presentation style (human-like vs not) and measurement of conformity pressure; the abstract states that human-like presentation increased perceived usefulness/agency without increasing conformity pressure. No quantitative details provided in abstract.
Larger panels yielded no gains in accuracy relative to a single AI.
Reported experimental comparison manipulating panel size in the study (three tasks). The abstract states that larger panels did not produce accuracy gains versus a single AI. (No sample size or numerical effect reported in abstract.)
Capital income taxes, worker equity participation, universal basic income, upskilling, and Coasian bargaining cannot eliminate the excess automation.
Model-based policy counterfactuals evaluated in the paper showing these interventions fail to achieve the social optimum in the theoretical framework; no empirical sample.
Wage adjustments and free entry cannot eliminate the excess automation.
Analytical result in the model showing endogenous wage changes and free entry do not restore the socially optimal level of employment; theoretical equilibrium analysis, no empirical data.
We analyze a regional standardized sentiment database (97,719 responses).
Dataset description in the paper specifying the size of the standardized sentiment database.
We analyze a raw Fukui spending database (90,350 records).
Dataset description in the paper specifying the size of the raw Fukui spending database.
We evaluate our approach on spapi, a production in-vehicle API system at Volvo Group involving 192 endpoints, 420 properties, and 776 CAN signals across six functional domains.
Case study / evaluation dataset description (explicit counts provided in paper).
The analysis relies on partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) to test eight predictions linking technological perceptions, organizational factors, and adoption outcomes.
Author-stated analytical method: PLS-PM; eight predictions tested; uses the survey data described above.
The study uses cross-sectional survey data from 523 human resource professionals and hiring managers representing 184 organizations across multiple industries in the United States.
Author-stated sample description in the paper: cross-sectional survey; 523 HR professionals/hiring managers; 184 organizations; multiple industries; U.S.
Each task is evaluated under three agent configurations (no-skills, LLM-generated skills, and human-expert skills) and validated through real hardware execution.
Experimental design described in the paper specifying three agent configurations per task and hardware validation of task runs.
IoT-SkillsBench spans three representative embedded platforms, 23 peripherals, and 42 tasks across three difficulty levels.
Benchmark composition statistics reported in the paper (counts of platforms, peripherals, tasks, and difficulty levels).
We introduce a skills-based agentic framework for HIL embedded development together with IoT-SkillsBench, a benchmark designed to systematically evaluate AI agents in real embedded programming environments.
Methodological contribution described in the paper (introduction of framework and benchmark; the paper reports design and implementation).
The study observes five delivery configurations: a traditional baseline and four successive platform versions (V1–V4).
Study design described by the authors; outcomes measured across these five configurations for the three programs.
The study covers three real software modernization programs: a COBOL banking migration (~30k LOC), a large accounting modernization (~400k LOC), and a .NET/Angular mortgage modernization (~30k LOC).
Study design / sample description provided by the authors in the paper's methods section.
Evidence on AI in software engineering still leans heavily toward individual task completion, while evidence on team-level delivery remains scarce.
Paper's literature-context statement (intro); asserted by the authors as motivation for the study (no primary data supporting this meta-claim provided within the study).
This research deepens theoretical understanding by integrating CE principles, Industry 4.0 architectures, green innovation theory, and lifecycle assessment into a unified conceptual framework.
Authors' description of theoretical contribution in the abstract, based on their synthesis of the bibliometric and systematic review findings.
This study offers the first comprehensive mixed-methods assessment of how AI transforms industrial production ecosystems in the post-ChatGPT era.
Authors' methodological/novelty claim in the abstract; supported by description of methods (bibliometric analysis of 196 articles and systematic review of 104 studies).
This study uses a mixed-method research design combining quantitative ROI modelling and cost–benefit analysis, qualitative synthesis of secondary enterprise case studies, and architectural analysis of Azure-native GenAI services.
Explicit methodological description in the abstract of the paper.
This Article presents the results of an experiment in which a transcript of a hypothetical client interview involving potential disability discrimination, retaliation, and wrongful termination claims was submitted to each AI system, with prompts requesting identification and assessment of viable legal theories.
Methodological description of the experiment: one hypothetical client interview transcript fed to each of four AI engines with prompts to identify and assess legal theories.
Industrial robot penetration is used as a proxy measure for AI adoption in Chinese provinces.
Paper explicitly states industrial robot penetration was used as the proxy for AI adoption in the empirical analysis.
The study uses panel data on 31 Chinese provinces for the period 2000–2022 and employs panel threshold regression models with ageing and AI adoption as threshold variables.
Paper description: panel data from 31 provinces (2000–2022); use of panel threshold regression models; threshold variables specified as ageing and AI adoption (industrial robot penetration).
The experiment compared three prompt conditions: (A) simple prompts, (B) raw PPS JSON, and (C) natural-language-rendered PPS.
Method description of the three prompt conditions used in the controlled experiment.
The study used three specific LLMs: DeepSeek-V3, Qwen-Max, and Kimi.
Method section listing the three models evaluated in the experiment.
We ran a controlled three-condition study across 60 tasks in three domains (business, technical, and travel), three large language models (DeepSeek-V3, Qwen-Max, and Kimi), and three prompt conditions, collecting 540 AI-generated outputs evaluated by an LLM judge.
Authors report an experimental study design: 60 tasks × 3 models × 3 prompt conditions = 540 outputs, with outputs evaluated by an LLM judge (methodological description in the paper).
The study uses panel data for 30 Chinese provinces from 2013–2022 to measure urban circular economy efficiency (UCEE) with a Super-SBM model including undesirable outputs, track dynamics via the Global Malmquist–Luenberger index, and estimate spatial effects with a spatial Durbin model.
Methodological description in the abstract: explicit statement of data (30 provinces, 2013–2022) and the three methods used (Super-SBM with undesirable outputs, GML index, spatial Durbin model).
Despite fears of mass unemployment, aggregate labor-market data through 2025 show limited labor-market disruption from generative AI.
Review of aggregate employment and labor-market studies and macro-level data through 2025 cited in the brief; methods include analyses of employment statistics and macro labor indicators (no single sample size reported).
We conducted an open competition involving 29 teams and 80 participants, enabling systematic comparison between human-AI collaborative approaches and AI-only baselines.
Empirical study design described in the paper: open competition with reported counts of teams and participants (29 teams, 80 participants); comparison between participant submissions and AI-only baselines.
AgentDS consists of 17 challenges across six industries: commerce, food production, healthcare, insurance, manufacturing, and retail banking.
Descriptive dataset/benchmark specification in the paper stating task count and industry coverage.
Open research challenges that define the research agenda include scaling beyond benchmarks, achieving compositionality over changes, metrics for validating specifications, handling rich logics, and designing human-AI specification interactions.
Authors' explicit enumeration of open problems and a proposed multi-disciplinary research agenda; presented as expert opinion rather than empirical finding.
Data ethics, as a central pillar of digital ethics, emphasizes the responsible use and protection of personal information.
Conceptual/definitional statement in the paper situating data ethics within digital ethics and highlighting protection of personal information as a core concern.
Big data usage is proxied by keyword frequency in firms' annual reports.
Operationalization described in the paper: frequency/count of big-data-related keywords in annual reports used as the proxy for firms' big data application.
The empirical analysis uses a fixed-effects regression approach to measure the impact of big data application on firm value.
Methodological statement in the paper specifying fixed-effects regression as the primary econometric approach.
The study analyzes panel data covering Chinese A-share listed companies from 2007 to 2021.
Description of dataset in the paper: panel of Chinese A-share listed companies spanning the years 2007–2021 (sample period stated).
The analysis extends the dynamic taxation setup of Slavik and Yazici (2014).
Methodological claim: the model and solution approach build on and modify the framework from Slavik and Yazici (2014) (reference to prior theoretical framework rather than empirical data).
We characterize the optimal tax policy in an economy with human manual and cognitive labor, physical capital, and artificial intelligence (AI).
Theoretical/analytical work: the paper develops and analyzes a dynamic general-equilibrium model that includes manual and cognitive human labor, physical capital, and AI. (No empirical sample; model-based characterization.)