Evidence (104 claims)
Search and filter individual claims pulled from the papers. Looking for a specific finding ("what's the effect on wages?"), you're in the right place. Want to compare whole outcome categories against each other instead? Use the Evidence Explorer.
The board below groups claims two ways: by broad theme (nine paper-level topics) and by outcome category (the 34 claim-level outcomes that the Explorer and Syntheses also use).
Browse by theme
Nine broad, paper-level topics. Click one to filter the claims below.
Adoption
21267 claims
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Productivity
17978 claims
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Governance
17038 claims
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Human-AI Collaboration
16914 claims
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Org Design
11104 claims
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Innovation
11087 claims
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Labor Markets
6711 claims
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Skills & Training
5616 claims
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Inequality
4343 claims
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Claims by outcome category
Counts by direction of finding. These are the same 34 outcome categories the Explorer compares and the Syntheses are written for. A linked row has a published synthesis.
| Outcome | Positive | Negative | Mixed | Null | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other | 1880 | 496 | 296 | 1854 | 4721 |
| Organizational Efficiency | 2906 | 665 | 438 | 180 | 4210 |
| Governance & Regulation | 2162 | 929 | 480 | 247 | 3866 |
| Technology Adoption Rate | 1533 | 545 | 278 | 210 | 2593 |
| Decision Quality | 1391 | 534 | 321 | 173 | 2429 |
| Output Quality | 1298 | 472 | 231 | 145 | 2153 |
| AI Safety & Ethics | 682 | 821 | 230 | 90 | 1837 |
| Research Productivity | 855 | 253 | 121 | 425 | 1675 |
| Firm Productivity | 1105 | 171 | 175 | 73 | 1531 |
| Task Allocation | 735 | 229 | 361 | 99 | 1433 |
| Market Structure | 457 | 461 | 251 | 47 | 1222 |
| Innovation Output | 673 | 94 | 108 | 36 | 913 |
| Task Completion Time | 499 | 118 | 43 | 38 | 702 |
| Firm Revenue | 458 | 130 | 61 | 26 | 677 |
| Skill Acquisition | 381 | 122 | 113 | 34 | 650 |
| Consumer Welfare | 316 | 176 | 115 | 39 | 648 |
| Employment Level | 223 | 143 | 177 | 53 | 600 |
| Error Rate | 246 | 282 | 44 | 19 | 594 |
| Fiscal & Macroeconomic | 283 | 142 | 78 | 52 | 562 |
| Inequality Measures | 103 | 329 | 106 | 13 | 552 |
| Worker Satisfaction | 225 | 185 | 63 | 30 | 503 |
| Automation Exposure | 158 | 155 | 72 | 37 | 426 |
| Regulatory Compliance | 186 | 126 | 35 | 14 | 362 |
| Team Performance | 193 | 56 | 51 | 24 | 326 |
| Developer Productivity | 224 | 58 | 27 | 13 | 323 |
| Wages & Compensation | 148 | 108 | 50 | 17 | 323 |
| Training Effectiveness | 218 | 44 | 21 | 27 | 313 |
| Job Displacement | 23 | 159 | 53 | 5 | 240 |
| Hiring & Recruitment | 109 | 61 | 32 | 11 | 215 |
| Skill Obsolescence | 16 | 107 | 26 | 6 | 155 |
| Creative Output | 71 | 44 | 28 | 6 | 150 |
| Social Protection | 58 | 31 | 12 | 3 | 104 |
| Labor Share of Income | 29 | 43 | 25 | 2 | 99 |
| Worker Turnover | 45 | 29 | 6 | 4 | 84 |
| Industry | — | — | — | 1 | 1 |
Targeted transfers reduce measured inequality more effectively than universal transfers of equivalent fiscal size, but impose larger output costs.
The IMF model compares targeted and universal redistribution schemes with equal fiscal size and evaluates inequality and output effects.
The temporal aggregation axioms yield a discounted aggregation of present aggregate human power or a logarithmic inequality-averse alternative; the authors select the form that penalizes intertemporal power inequality.
Proposition 5 derives three possible functional forms under T1–T8, and the authors select the η > 0 logarithmic form.
The study identified buffer conditions under which Double Displacement did not fully materialise.
Thematic analysis of interview narratives; the abstract reports an identifiable set of buffer conditions but the supplied text does not specify them.
Automation may reshape social security provision by promoting individualized, targeted interventions.
Chapter argument supported by descriptive examples of targeted interventions enabled by datafication and automated decision-making; no experimental or large-N observational studies reported.
There is a fundamental asymmetry between economic and social reproduction: digital agents can compensate for productive functions of the population but are unable to substitute the population's functions of social reproduction.
Theoretical argument and conceptual distinction in the paper; no empirical study measuring substitution in social reproduction provided.
Ireland’s tax and welfare system absorbs most of the income loss for lower income households, and roughly half of the loss for households at the top of the income distribution.
Microsimulation using SWITCH to model taxes and transfers applied to simulated income changes across income groups; reported as a finding in the report.
Although many regions use similar ethical language, substantial differences persist in risk allocation, regulatory enforcement, welfare integration and social protection.
Content analysis of policy documents showing overlap in ethical rhetoric but divergence across coded institutional dimensions related to risk allocation, enforcement, welfare integration and social protection (n=24).
Prevalence and risk factors for poverty differ by gender, as does the nature of vulnerability.
Stated as a general empirical claim in the introduction, drawing on broader literature (no specific study, method, or sample size provided in the excerpt).
Compensation was rare, accounting for only 2.3% of response-frame mentions, and was concentrated almost entirely on the political left.
Descriptive response-frame frequencies and party-family comparisons.
The expansion of flexible, platform-based, and project-based employment is associated with greater employment instability, inadequate social-security coverage, and less-clear career development paths.
The paper presents these as consequences of the shift away from long-term, full-time employment and notes that flexible workers have relatively low social-insurance participation; no original survey or administrative estimate is reported.
Villages in split blocks have lower application rates for India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme.
Analysis of NREGA application data as a measure of demand for public employment assistance, interpreted alongside the paper's estimates of firm entry and private-sector employment.
Participants’ accounts included enforced professional silence near retirement and fragmented cross-border pension entitlements as a structural amplifier of displacement.
Themes identified through reflexive thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with 32 participants.
Ride-hailing and delivery workers face substantial physical risks, while medical costs and lost income from on-the-job injuries typically fall on workers or public health and disability systems where employer-provided workers' compensation is absent.
Case-study discussion of ride-hailing and delivery work, supported by cited research; no injury sample, incidence rate, or causal estimate is reported.
Platform workers frequently work for multiple platforms, have irregular and difficult-to-verify incomes, and face contested employer identities, creating institutional barriers to welfare eligibility.
Institutional analysis of welfare-state eligibility rules compared with characteristics of platform work; no original sample or quantitative estimate is reported.
By classifying workers as independent contractors, digital labor platforms shift the costs of healthcare, retirement savings, and injury protection from platforms to workers.
Political-economy analysis of platform business models, supported by cited research on platform work; no causal estimate or original dataset is presented.
Digital labor platforms create a structural mismatch between employment-linked welfare systems and fragmented, algorithmically managed work, producing a persistent welfare deficit for platform workers.
Conceptual analysis of employment-based welfare institutions and platform work, supported by cited social-policy and labor scholarship; no original empirical sample is reported.
The K99 Triumph City compound had documented ties to trafficking, and survivors reported beatings and electrocution for failing to meet fraud targets.
Survivor interviews and testimony, Cyber Scam Monitor reporting, and operational artifacts including screenshots and chat logs.
Developing advanced AI within a growth-oriented economic system is likely to increase social, environmental, and existential risks.
Argumentative claim in the paper supported by conceptual analysis and references to post-growth literature; not based on direct empirical measurement within this paper.
Algorithmic systems can filter access to welfare based on rigid criteria, deepening distinctions between 'deserving' and 'undeserving' citizens.
Chapter cites recent examples of algorithmic use in social assistance and activation policies illustrating filtering behavior; evidence presented qualitatively rather than as quantified causal estimates.
These technologies inherently favor narrowing welfare support to smaller, more selective units.
Chapter's central argumentative claim, supported by qualitative analysis and recent examples of algorithmic use in social assistance and activation policies; no quantitative sample size or controlled study reported.
Female gig workers face gender-specific vulnerabilities, including safety concerns and absence of maternity benefits.
Qualitative interview data highlighting gender-differentiated experiences and barriers reported by female delivery partners.
Workers have limited access to statutory benefits despite formal recognition in law.
Combined policy analysis (Code on Social Security) and interview evidence showing gaps in actual access to benefits.
Income inequality has the opposite effect (it works against poverty reduction).
Negative and statistically significant coefficient on an income inequality measure in the CS-ARDL estimates for BRICS (2008–2023).
Kişisel verilerin metalaştırılması, Julie E. Cohen’in 'biyopolitik kamusal alan' kavramsallaştırması üzerinden değerlendirildiğinde, kişisel bilgi ekonomik üretim ve davranışsal öngörünün hammaddesi olarak hukuksal dispozitif tarafından yapılandırılmaktadır.
Teorik değerlendirme ve kavramsal çerçeveleme; atıf yapılan literatüre dayanıyor; no empirical testing reported.
AI users and the general public were judged the most vulnerable to these risks.
Delphi panel rated actor vulnerability; results reported in paper indicate AI users and general public received highest vulnerability ratings (n=272).
Unless labour law evolves to address digitally mediated control and platform-based asymmetry, the gig economy risks normalising exploitative labour conditions under the guise of innovation and flexibility.
Predictive/theoretical claim based on the paper's synthesis of platform practices, legal gaps, and normative concerns; argued through comparative analysis and conceptual reasoning rather than quantitative forecasting.
Unemployment insurance adjudication has seen rapid integration of AI systems and the question of additional fact-finding poses the most significant bottleneck for a system that affects millions of applicants annually.
Contextual/introductory claim in paper; references to domain-scale impact and bottleneck; no specific numeric study sample provided in excerpt.
Universal Basic Income (UBI), evaluated through incentive-structure lens, will default to a pacification mechanism rather than a genuine solution in the absence of a revolutionary threat that historically forced redistribution.
Normative and theoretical analysis of incentive structures and historical mechanisms of redistribution; the excerpt presents this as an argument rather than reporting empirical trials or quantified outcomes.
Universal Basic Income (UBI), absent a revolutionary threat that historically forced redistribution, will default to a pacification mechanism rather than a genuine solution to mass loss of labor value.
Normative/incentive-structure analysis and historical comparison presented in the paper; no empirical trial data or sample sizes cited in the abstract.
Kerangka hukum ketenagakerjaan Indonesia saat ini bersifat reaktif, dengan fokus pada kompensasi pasca-PHK yang belum mampu menjawab dampak jangka panjang disrupsi AI.
Analisis normatif terhadap peraturan perundang-undangan dan temuan dari literatur yang ditinjau; kesimpulan yang dilaporkan oleh penulis penelitian.
The intersection of IoT, artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and robotics collectively impacts social security systems.
The paper presents this as the focal analytic topic—an argument based on theoretical discussion and synthesis rather than reported empirical measurement (no sample size given).
Only 12% of gig workers participate in retirement savings programs.
Survey and administrative measures of retirement-savings participation among gig workers in the 24-country sample.
Only 23% of gig workers report access to employer-provided health insurance.
Self-reported benefits coverage from labor force surveys and linked administrative records for gig workers across the 24 OECD countries (2015–2025).
The environmental footprint of healthcare systems is growing and persistent inequities in access and outcomes have intensified calls for procurement reform.
Contemporary literature review and synthesis of sector reports and studies documenting healthcare emissions/footprint and health inequities (no original empirical data reported in this paper).
Removing survival wording did not eliminate continuation-support behavior or mortality when depletion and termination mechanisms remained in place.
A matched mechanism comparison used four worlds, two GPT and two DeepSeek, in which the survival instruction was removed while depletion and termination were retained; all four worlds still lost all six agents, and continuation support changed by only +0.50 events per world.
Penelitian menilai kecukupan perlindungan hukum yang tersedia bagi pekerja terdampak PHK akibat adopsi AI.
Pernyataan tujuan penelitian dan pendekatan analitis (normatif, komparatif) yang didukung oleh tinjauan literatur pada jurnal-jurnal terpilih.
Capital income taxes, worker equity participation, universal basic income, upskilling, and Coasian bargaining cannot eliminate the excess automation.
Model-based policy counterfactuals evaluated in the paper showing these interventions fail to achieve the social optimum in the theoretical framework; no empirical sample.
Education access, active labor-market policies, social protection, and wider digital access can mitigate adverse distributional outcomes and help share AI gains more broadly.
Review of policy literature and proposed evaluation of training, social protection, and digital-access interventions.
Reducing the unequal effects of AI requires investment in digital infrastructure and affordable connectivity, together with redistribution and social-safety mechanisms.
Policy synthesis linking infrastructure gaps to unequal AI diffusion and recommending measures to address transitional and structural inequality.
Universal Basic Income can provide an income floor that cushions displacement, but its design must balance worker incentives with fiscal sustainability.
Qualitative case studies of UBI experiments and policy proposals.
The proposed negotiated share-compensation mechanism is intended to produce a Pareto improvement in which shareholders benefit or are unharmed and laid-off employees are unharmed or better off.
Theoretical Pareto-improvement argument based on negotiated transfers of firm equity; no empirical estimate of the frequency or magnitude of such improvements is provided.
A modified shareholder wealth maximization scheme that compensates laid-off employees with negotiated company shares can, for many large firms, leave employees at least as well off while still allowing shareholders to gain or avoid losses.
Theoretical welfare analysis and bargaining-based comparative statics; the paper presents conditions under which negotiated equity transfers can preserve shareholder gains while compensating affected employees.
Decoupling health insurance from employment could protect displaced workers' access to health care and therapeutics and help prevent widening health inequality.
Policy recommendation based on the proposed mechanism linking employment displacement, insurance loss, health-care access, and health outcomes; no causal policy estimate is reported.
Contracts, inspections, and grievance channels are necessary safeguards against migrant-worker exploitation and for preserving social cohesion.
Normative assessment of worker-protection and control mechanisms in labour-migration governance.
South Korea proposed taxing robotic labor to fund transitions for displaced workers, but those proposals were not fully enacted.
Comparative policy discussion in the paper of South Korean proposals concerning robotic labor and worker transition funding.
This architecture supports UNDRR findings that such systems reduce disaster death rates by 6x.
Paper cites/aligns with UNDRR findings claiming a 6x reduction in disaster death rates due to early warning systems; the excerpt does not include the UNDRR source or context.
The paper introduces Universal Desired Resources as a post-monetary design principle that eliminates the material basis of intersectional oppression.
Normative/design claim introduced by the paper (conceptual principle; no empirical test or sample given in the excerpt).
The framework was applied specifically to targeted cash transfer programs in Ethiopia (case study).
Stated empirical application in the paper; specific empirical details (sample size, metrics) not provided in the excerpt.
Formalizing the social cost of intersectional data extraction, the proposed mechanism offers both a corrective to market failure and a redistributive institutional shield for vulnerable groups under conditions of digital asymmetry.
Normative conclusion drawn by the authors about intended social and distributive effects; presented as the outcome of the proposed mechanism, without empirical evaluation in the excerpt.
Women who experienced lower mortgage interest rates during their childbearing years had more children.
Digitized census and loan-level data linking cohort-level exposure to local mortgage interest rates during childbearing years to subsequent fertility (household formation) outcomes across cities.