Evidence (4892 claims)
Search and filter individual claims pulled from the papers. Looking for a specific finding ("what's the effect on wages?"), you're in the right place. Want to compare whole outcome categories against each other instead? Use the Evidence Explorer.
The board below groups claims two ways: by broad theme (nine paper-level topics) and by outcome category (the 34 claim-level outcomes that the Explorer and Syntheses also use).
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Nine broad, paper-level topics. Click one to filter the claims below.
Adoption
9875 claims
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Productivity
8807 claims
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Governance
7870 claims
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Human-AI Collaboration
7560 claims
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Org Design
4892 claims
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Innovation
4781 claims
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Labor Markets
4004 claims
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Skills & Training
3308 claims
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Inequality
2332 claims
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Claims by outcome category
Counts by direction of finding. These are the same 34 outcome categories the Explorer compares and the Syntheses are written for. A linked row has a published synthesis.
| Outcome | Positive | Negative | Mixed | Null | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other | 870 | 233 | 116 | 1066 | 2363 |
| Governance & Regulation | 976 | 451 | 218 | 133 | 1809 |
| Organizational Efficiency | 949 | 224 | 144 | 88 | 1416 |
| Technology Adoption Rate | 764 | 287 | 141 | 122 | 1325 |
| Research Productivity | 501 | 152 | 74 | 362 | 1101 |
| Output Quality | 542 | 216 | 69 | 69 | 896 |
| Decision Quality | 387 | 198 | 94 | 54 | 740 |
| Firm Productivity | 513 | 67 | 101 | 27 | 714 |
| AI Safety & Ethics | 249 | 303 | 73 | 36 | 667 |
| Market Structure | 190 | 192 | 134 | 27 | 548 |
| Task Allocation | 243 | 77 | 91 | 36 | 452 |
| Innovation Output | 291 | 33 | 55 | 20 | 401 |
| Skill Acquisition | 206 | 72 | 65 | 21 | 364 |
| Employment Level | 133 | 63 | 115 | 22 | 335 |
| Fiscal & Macroeconomic | 153 | 79 | 52 | 32 | 323 |
| Task Completion Time | 206 | 37 | 12 | 15 | 272 |
| Firm Revenue | 179 | 52 | 29 | 5 | 266 |
| Consumer Welfare | 130 | 76 | 47 | 13 | 266 |
| Inequality Measures | 48 | 137 | 51 | 6 | 242 |
| Worker Satisfaction | 101 | 81 | 25 | 13 | 220 |
| Error Rate | 84 | 110 | 11 | 5 | 210 |
| Wages & Compensation | 98 | 47 | 30 | 10 | 185 |
| Regulatory Compliance | 88 | 73 | 17 | 7 | 185 |
| Automation Exposure | 66 | 64 | 33 | 16 | 182 |
| Team Performance | 105 | 29 | 30 | 11 | 176 |
| Training Effectiveness | 109 | 22 | 14 | 21 | 168 |
| Developer Productivity | 114 | 21 | 14 | 8 | 158 |
| Job Displacement | 12 | 90 | 24 | 1 | 127 |
| Hiring & Recruitment | 57 | 9 | 9 | 5 | 80 |
| Skill Obsolescence | 6 | 56 | 9 | 1 | 72 |
| Social Protection | 43 | 17 | 8 | 2 | 70 |
| Creative Output | 35 | 21 | 9 | 4 | 70 |
| Labor Share of Income | 18 | 21 | 17 | 1 | 57 |
| Worker Turnover | 15 | 16 | — | 4 | 35 |
| Industry | — | — | — | 1 | 1 |
Org Design
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Reported empirical values are transformed through transparent indicators such as relative growth, CAGR, growth multipliers, stock-flow ratios, concentration ratios, and HHI.
Methodological description and application in the paper listing these specific indicators used to summarize public data on AI investment, adoption, robots, compute, and labour-market reallocation.
The study uses a conceptual-empirical quantitative diagnostic design rather than a causal econometric model.
Explicit methodological statement in the paper describing the design choice and rejecting causal econometric modeling in favor of diagnostics using public institutional data and transparent indicators.
The agentic economy is not yet a completed global order, but its transition pressure is measurable enough to require a distinct economic vocabulary, reproducible diagnostics, and future sector-level measurement.
Synthesis of diagnostic indicators (AI investment/adoption trends, robot stock, compute-energy coupling, labour reallocation measures) showing measurable transition pressures; conclusion drawn from the conceptual-empirical diagnostic.
Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, searches across Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and CNKI yielded 1,562 initial records, of which 21 studies published between 2019 and 2026 met inclusion criteria.
Methodological description of the systematic literature review reported in the paper: initial records = 1,562; included studies = 21; publication years 2019–2026.
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) constitute over 98.5% of businesses in many economies including China.
Descriptive statistic reported in the paper's background/intro; source of the statistic not specified within the summary provided.
The authors provide source code for their framework on GitHub to encourage further research.
Statement in the paper that the source code is available on GitHub; verifiable by visiting the repository (link not provided in the excerpt).
Heuristics such as TSP and PNN are commonly used as inexpensive approximations for customer trajectories.
Descriptive claim about common practice cited in the paper; used as motivation for proposing the RL approach (no quantitative survey evidence provided in the excerpt).
We conducted a randomized controlled experiment in which participants—analogs of early-career knowledge workers—were assigned to self-study a technical domain using either traditional resources or large-language-model (LLM) assistance.
Statement of experimental design in the paper (randomized controlled experiment assigning participants to either traditional resources or LLM assistance; participants described as analogs of early-career knowledge workers).
Reward is non-positive in the CybORG CAGE-2 environment, so all configurations operate in a failure-mitigation mode.
Environment specification reported in the paper (CybORG CAGE-2 modeled as a POMDP with non-positive reward structure).
The evaluation spanned five model families, six models, and twelve configurations, totaling 3,475 episodes with token-level cost accounting.
Methods description in the paper reporting the experimental design and sample counts.
The study used a structured questionnaire (five-point Likert) administered to employees in AI-enabled organizations across various sectors and analyzed the data using SPSS (descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, regression analysis).
Methods section summary provided in the paper (survey instrument description and analytical techniques).
A four-dimensional Flexibility Index is developed to assess reallocation authority, forecast cycles, AI integration, and transparency.
Methods section: construction of an index with four dimensions (reallocation authority, forecast cycles, AI integration, transparency).
The analysis draws on Form 10-K filings from Microsoft, Johnson & Johnson, Procter & Gamble, and ExxonMobil (2019–2023), alongside public sector data from the Open Budget Survey 2023, the OECD Budget Practices Database, and U.S. GAO oversight reports.
Methods/data section listing data sources and firm sample (four named firms, 2019–2023) and public datasets.
Sources were selected purposively through explicit inclusion and exclusion criteria tied to conceptual relevance, scholarly quality, and direct contribution to framework building; higher-order categories were retained only after iterative comparison across the four literature streams.
Author-reported sampling and analytic procedure for the integrative review.
Methodologically, the paper uses a structured integrative review combined with interpretive theory synthesis to connect literature on RegTech, sanctions compliance, institutional voids, supply chain governance, and algorithmic accountability.
Explicit methodological description in the paper (authors' stated approach).
Existing studies on regulatory technology mainly present it as a firm-level compliance tool, giving little attention to its role in shaping coordination across wider enterprise ecosystems in post-conflict and sanctions-affected settings.
Review finding based on purposive selection and comparison of literature on RegTech and related fields (method: structured integrative review and interpretive theory synthesis).
AI deployment has limited effects on retrial rates.
Same randomized field experiment; retrial rates (repeat customer contacts) were measured and reported as showing limited/no substantive change under AI deployment.
Five structural characteristics define the Metis AI zone: consequential irreversibility, relational irreducibility, normative open texture, adversarial co-evolution, and accountability anchoring.
Theoretical specification and definition of five characteristics grounded in social science, philosophy, and humanitarian practice; no empirical prevalence or measurement reported.
The dominant discourse on AI limitations frames the boundary of AI capability as a divide between digital tasks (where AI excels) and physical tasks (where embodiment is required).
Statement in paper framing prevailing discourse; conceptual observation rather than empirical test (literature critique). No sample size reported.
The study used a qualitative interpretivist research design drawing on semistructured interviews with 28 managers and professionals from 12 organizations across technology, finance and knowledge-intensive service sectors in Europe and Asia, using thematic and interpretive analysis supported by organizational document review.
Methodology statement from the paper (explicit description of sample, sectors, regions and analytic approach).
AI should be conceptualized as a co-evolving organizational capability rather than a deterministic technology.
Argument developed from interpretive analysis of interview data (n=28), literature engagement and organizational document review.
The study develops an emergent framework of AI–human co-adaptation comprising three interrelated dimensions: technological alignment, cognitive calibration and ethical anchoring.
Framework derived from thematic/interpretive analysis of interview data (n=28) and supporting organizational documents.
The paper introduces the concept of 'augmented work agency' as a multi-level, interpretive form of human agency in algorithmically mediated environments.
Conceptual development within the paper grounded in literature review and qualitative interview data (28 participants) and organizational document review.
The analysis proceeded through within-case coding and cross-case pattern matching across five dimensions: intelligence source, AI mechanism, decision domain, economic implication, and boundary condition.
Method section describing coding and analytical procedures applied to the archival corpus across the four cases.
The empirical corpus comprises annual reports, 10-K filings, earnings releases, and official corporate materials published mainly between 2024 and 2026, complemented by recent peer-reviewed literature.
Paper's data description listing document types and time window for archival evidence; number of documents not enumerated.
The study adopts a qualitative comparative multiple-case design using four theoretically sampled cases: Walmart, Unilever, Sprinklr, and DoubleVerify.
Methodological statement in the paper describing case selection and study design.
The dominant paradigm for AI agents is an "on-the-fly" loop in which agents synthesize plans and execute actions within seconds or minutes in response to user prompts.
Statement in paper presenting a characterization of current AI agent design; conceptual/observational claim with no empirical data or sample reported.
We thematically analysed twelve semi-structured interviews with SME owners and managers conducted in early 2025 using Atlas.ti, yielding 19 codes grouped into six categories.
Methods statement in the paper describing qualitative sample and analysis procedures.
We examine the interplay between AI adoption, social capital formation, workforce dynamics, and sustainable development in Eastern Macedonia and Thrace (EMT), one of the EU's least developed regions.
Study context and scope as stated in the paper; empirical work conducted in EMT.
Research has concentrated on advanced urban economies, leaving the implications of AI for peripheral small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) operating under weak human capital, thin digital infrastructure, and constrained social capital — underexplored.
Statement in the paper contrasting existing research focus (advanced urban economies) with a lack of attention to peripheral SMEs; no empirical sample size for this bibliographic claim reported in the excerpt.
Under the Brier score specifically, with type-independent inflation cost, the second-best welfare equals the first-best welfare (welfare equivalence).
Analytical result/proof specialized to the Brier score and the assumption of type-independent inflation costs; comparative welfare analysis in the model.
The synthesis covers research and practitioner guidance from the years 2023–2025.
Methods statement specifying the temporal scope of sources used for the synthesis.
This paper synthesizes recent research and practitioner guidance (2023–2025) to develop a practical model for designing human–AI collaboration in the financial reporting function (controllership).
Methods section declaration describing scope and approach (literature/practitioner guidance synthesis covering 2023–2025).
We conducted a controlled experiment comparing traditional task-splitting methods with AI-assisted approaches using GitLab Duo.
Methodological statement in the paper reporting a controlled experiment using GitLab Duo; sample size not stated in the provided summary.
The study uses a panel dataset of 35,347 firm-year observations from 2010 to 2023.
Reported sample description in the paper: panel dataset covering 2010–2023 with 35,347 firm-year observations.
This paper focuses on five research questions about the historical pathways, leverage points, trajectory differences, alternative projects, and socio-technical programmes related to current dominant generative AI tools and possible AGI-adjacent development.
Explicit listing of the five research questions in the paper's introduction/aims; statement of scope and focus.
Data analysis utilized regression modeling for performance correlations, time-series analysis for predictive maintenance patterns, and thematic analysis for qualitative interviews.
Paper methods: explicit listing of analytic techniques used (regression, time-series, thematic analysis).
Secondary data encompasses sustainability reports, carbon footprint assessments, and operational performance metrics.
Paper methods: explicit listing of secondary data sources (sustainability reports, carbon footprint assessments, operational metrics).
Blockchain transaction records spanning eighteen months across Nigeria were used as primary data.
Paper methods: explicit statement about 18 months of blockchain transaction records across Nigeria.
The study uses IoT sensor data from forty-five facilities.
Paper methods: explicit statement that IoT sensor data were collected from 45 facilities.
Primary data collection includes structured interviews with supply chain managers.
Paper methods section: primary data described as including structured interviews with supply chain managers (number of interviewees not specified).
The study uses mixed methods involving case studies from twelve multinational companies across the manufacturing, logistics, and retail sectors.
Paper statement of methods: explicit mention of mixed methods and case studies from 12 multinational companies across the three sectors.
For over a century, the electric grid has relied on a single statistical assumption: load diversity, the principle that the uncorrelated demands of millions of small consumers produce a smooth, predictable aggregate.
Statement and historical framing presented by the paper as background context; no empirical time series or citations provided in the excerpt.
The study constructs a tripartite evolutionary game framework composed of government regulators, leading computing power incumbents, and downstream AI innovators to analyze strategic interactions and derive evolutionarily stable strategies.
Methodological claim documented in the paper describing the model structure and analytic approach (method: formal model specification and ESS derivation).
The paper evaluates 'Spec Kit' and 'TDAD' as instantiations of the SGM via a four-month pilot study.
Empirical pilot evaluation reported in the paper; duration specified as four months. Sample size or number of teams/participants in pilot not specified in the summary.
The paper identifies two amplifying mechanisms for PRP: the code review bottleneck and the context window constraint.
Theoretical argumentation in the paper naming two mechanisms that amplify the PRP phenomenon (qualitative explanation).
The paper formally defines PRP with three moderating variables: task abstraction, codebase maturity, and developer experience.
Theoretical/formal definition presented in the paper identifying three moderators; claim is descriptive of the paper's conceptual model.
This paper conducted a multivocal literature review of 67 sources spanning 2022–2026.
Statement of method in the paper describing the literature review (count of sources = 67).
Telemetry across 10,000+ developers shows flat delivery metrics (no improvement in delivery outcomes) despite changes in PR and review behavior.
Observational telemetry across >10,000 developers reported in the paper; described result is no meaningful change in delivery metrics (e.g., delivery throughput, lead time) despite increases in PRs and longer reviews.
A qualitative design was adopted, drawing on 34 semi-structured interviews with project managers across five UK industries.
Qualitative study methods reported in the paper: 34 semi-structured interviews with project managers sampled across five UK industries; Gioia-informed thematic analysis.