Evidence (4892 claims)

Search and filter individual claims pulled from the papers. Looking for a specific finding ("what's the effect on wages?"), you're in the right place. Want to compare whole outcome categories against each other instead? Use the Evidence Explorer.

The board below groups claims two ways: by broad theme (nine paper-level topics) and by outcome category (the 34 claim-level outcomes that the Explorer and Syntheses also use).

Browse by theme

Nine broad, paper-level topics. Click one to filter the claims below.

Human-AI Collaboration

Claims by outcome category

Counts by direction of finding. These are the same 34 outcome categories the Explorer compares and the Syntheses are written for. A linked row has a published synthesis.

Outcome	Positive	Negative	Mixed	Null	Total
Other	870	233	116	1066	2363
Governance & Regulation	976	451	218	133	1809
Organizational Efficiency	949	224	144	88	1416
Technology Adoption Rate	764	287	141	122	1325
Research Productivity	501	152	74	362	1101
Output Quality	542	216	69	69	896
Decision Quality	387	198	94	54	740
Firm Productivity	513	67	101	27	714
AI Safety & Ethics	249	303	73	36	667
Market Structure	190	192	134	27	548
Task Allocation	243	77	91	36	452
Innovation Output	291	33	55	20	401
Skill Acquisition	206	72	65	21	364
Employment Level	133	63	115	22	335
Fiscal & Macroeconomic	153	79	52	32	323
Task Completion Time	206	37	12	15	272
Firm Revenue	179	52	29	5	266
Consumer Welfare	130	76	47	13	266
Inequality Measures	48	137	51	6	242
Worker Satisfaction	101	81	25	13	220
Error Rate	84	110	11	5	210
Wages & Compensation	98	47	30	10	185
Regulatory Compliance	88	73	17	7	185
Automation Exposure	66	64	33	16	182
Team Performance	105	29	30	11	176
Training Effectiveness	109	22	14	21	168
Developer Productivity	114	21	14	8	158
Job Displacement	12	90	24	1	127
Hiring & Recruitment	57	9	9	5	80
Skill Obsolescence	6	56	9	1	72
Social Protection	43	17	8	2	70
Creative Output	35	21	9	4	70
Labor Share of Income	18	21	17	1	57
Worker Turnover	15	16	—	4	35
Industry	—	—	—	1	1

Org Design Remove filter

Workers were assigned to no overrides, free overrides, or a two-per-machine limit on downward overrides.

Experimental design statement in paper: randomized assignment into three arms (no overrides, free overrides, constrained two-per-machine downward override limit).

high null result A Simple Solution to Improving Human Supervision of Algorith... Treatment assignment (experimental arms)

We tested [the policy] through a randomized field experiment with 553 workers at a major Chinese smart vending machine retailer that manages more than 59,000 machines and 4,000 SKUs.

Randomized field experiment described in paper; sample stated as 553 workers and operational context (retailer with >59,000 machines and >4,000 SKUs).

high null result A Simple Solution to Improving Human Supervision of Algorith... Experimental implementation / sample and setting description

The framework is intended primarily as a scholarly contribution to clarify the conceptual landscape and support future theoretical and empirical work, not as prescriptive guidance for practitioners.

Authors' explicit statement of intent in the abstract describing the purpose and scope of the proposed framework.

high null result Mapping Human–AI Relationships: Intellectual Structure and C... intended purpose of the framework (scholarly vs. prescriptive)

The authors propose a conceptual framework that classifies human–AI relationships into four categories—symbiotic, augmented, assisted, and substituted intelligence—according to the level of AI autonomy and human involvement.

Authors' conceptual synthesis and proposal based on thematic mapping and literature synthesis (framework described in abstract as an output of analysis).

high null result Mapping Human–AI Relationships: Intellectual Structure and C... categorization of human–AI relationship types by autonomy and human involvement

This study employs a bibliometric co-word analysis of 4093 peer-reviewed documents indexed in Scopus to map the intellectual structure of the field.

Authors report performing a bibliometric co-word analysis on 4,093 peer-reviewed documents from the Scopus database (method stated in abstract).

high null result Mapping Human–AI Relationships: Intellectual Structure and C... use of bibliometric co-word analysis on 4093 documents

The docs CLI used in the constrained condition is approximately 200 lines of code (~200 LoC).

Paper text states the CLI used is about 200 lines of code.

high null result Steerability via constraints: a substrate for scalable overs... tool size (lines of code)

We report a controlled experiment in scalable oversight: a small reviewer (Gemma 4 e4b) inspects a Python codebase containing 11 inserted backdoors.

Described controlled experiment in the paper: a single automated reviewer (Gemma 4 e4b) evaluated a Python codebase where the authors inserted 11 backdoors.

high null result Steerability via constraints: a substrate for scalable overs... detection of inserted backdoors

The paper synthesizes evidence drawing on reports from the World Economic Forum, PwC, McKinsey Global Institute, Gartner, and the International Monetary Fund.

Literature/report synthesis explicitly described in the paper (citation list to those organizations).

high null result AI-Driven Workforce Transformation: Displacement, Opportunit... sources and scope of evidence used in the paper

We detect no negative spillovers on contact rates or exit-to-job rates for unemployed German or other immigrant job seekers, finding no evidence of resource reallocation or displacement.

Placebo/spillover analyses comparing contact rates and exit-to-job rates for unemployed German and other immigrant job seekers in the same public employment service offices before and after program rollout using administrative panel data and difference-in-differences methods.

high null result Refugee labor market integration at scale: Evidence from Ger... contact rates and exit-to-job rates for unemployed German and other immigrant jo...

ATHENA is not presented as a validated measurement instrument; rather, it is a conceptual and methodological scaffold for empirical validation and responsible organizational experimentation.

Explicit qualification in the paper that ATHENA is a conceptual scaffold and has not been validated as a measurement instrument (stated limitation).

high null result Reconceptualizing Competence through Facets: ATHENA as a Str... validation status of ATHENA as a measurement instrument

The research adopts a theory-building design based on historical-comparative analysis, institutional analysis, and conceptual synthesis, integrating multiple theoretical traditions (Marxist political economy, Keynesian welfare theory, sustainable development approaches, stakeholder governance theory, and AI governance literature).

Stated methodology and literature integration in the paper; factual description of methods used by the author(s).

high null result Digital transformation of welfare state: the role of AI in t... methodological approach and theoretical integration

The study develops an integrated theoretical framework explaining the role of AI in the transformation of the welfare state and corporate governance within the context of sustainable development.

Paper reports a theory-building design integrating Marxist political economy, Keynesian welfare theory, sustainable development approaches, stakeholder governance theory, and AI governance literature; methodological description rather than empirical validation.

high null result Digital transformation of welfare state: the role of AI in t... existence of an integrated theoretical framework (theoretical contribution)

This study is the first to theorize the relationship between organizations' agentic AI adoption and circular procurement performance.

Author statement in the abstract claiming novelty of theory contribution (literature review / positioning claim).

high null result Agentic AI and Circular Procurement Performance: An Empirica... novelty of theoretical contribution

The analysis in the paper was conducted using covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) and a Process analytical method.

Methods described in the abstract (explicitly names the analytical techniques used).

high null result Agentic AI and Circular Procurement Performance: An Empirica... analytical methods used

Data for this study were collected from a developing nation.

Explicit statement in the abstract indicating the sample source/setting for the empirical data.

high null result Agentic AI and Circular Procurement Performance: An Empirica... study sample/source (geographic setting)

This study used survey data from 426 AI-adopting Chinese manufacturing firms and analyzed hypothesized relationships using hierarchical regression to isolate moderating effects of supply chain integration.

Methodological statement reported in the paper.

high null result Aligning customer and supplier integration for AI-enabled su... study methodology (survey + hierarchical regression)

The study used survey data from 289 supply chain executives in Taiwan’s electronics sector and employed PLS-SEM as the primary quantitative analysis method.

Methods statement in the paper summary specifying sample (289 supply chain executives, Taiwan electronics sector) and analysis method (PLS-SEM).

high null result Digital Twin-Enabled Supply Chain Resilience: Anticipation a... methodological details (sample and analysis technique)

We conclude by outlining implications for designing and evaluating human-AI teams as socio-technical systems and for prioritizing longitudinal and in-context studies that capture how teaming evolves over time.

Authors' conclusions and recommendations based on the systematic review and observed gaps in the literature (noted need for longitudinal, in-context studies).

high null result From testbeds to high-stakes work: a review of Human-AI team... research_design_priorities (longitudinal and in-context evaluation)

Bibliometric patterns suggest a shift since 2020 from foundational demonstrations in controlled settings toward applied, higher-stakes contexts where trust dynamics, communication, and ethical accountability more directly shape adoption and sustained performance.

Bibliometric analysis of the 104 studies showing temporal trends (pre- vs post-2020) in research contexts and topics.

high null result From testbeds to high-stakes work: a review of Human-AI team... temporal_shift_in_research_contexts (prevalence of applied/higher-stakes context...

Across studies, performance was the most frequently examined aspect, followed by trust, explainability and transparency, decision-making, and team processes.

Synthesis and frequency coding of outcomes/measured constructs across the 104 included empirical studies.

high null result From testbeds to high-stakes work: a review of Human-AI team... performance (and ranked prevalence of constructs like trust, explainability, dec...

Gaming and entertainment, aviation, military and defense operations, emergency response and public safety, and healthcare also represented substantial portions of the literature.

Domain breakdown from the systematic review of 104 empirical studies (frequency counts by domain reported in Results).

high null result From testbeds to high-stakes work: a review of Human-AI team... study_domain_representation_by_industry

Cross-domain and interdisciplinary studies were the largest category, representing broad workplace or team-based investigations not tied to a single industry and instead focused on general collaboration issues such as communication, teamwork, coordination, and coworker interaction.

Categorization / coding of the 104 included empirical studies; frequency counts by study domain reported in review.

high null result From testbeds to high-stakes work: a review of Human-AI team... study_domain_prevalence

We conducted a PRISMA-guided systematic review with bibliometric analysis of 104 peer-reviewed empirical studies published between 2015 and 2025 and identified through Engineering Village, IEEE Xplore, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science.

Methods reported in paper: PRISMA-guided systematic review and bibliometric analysis; explicit statement of 104 peer-reviewed empirical studies and databases searched (Engineering Village, IEEE Xplore, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science).

high null result From testbeds to high-stakes work: a review of Human-AI team... number_of_studies_reviewed

Order, entropy, information, and useful energy are task-dependent and system-relative concepts whose meanings depend on the objectives of the system.

Conceptual argument and discussion in the paper about the context-dependence of informational and energetic notions within the proposed framework; no empirical evidence provided.

high null result Optimal Order of Multi-Agent and General Many-Body Systems other

The paper proposes seven v1.1 protocols to test whether specific recommendations can causally improve AI visibility.

Methods/protocols proposed in the paper (not an empirical finding; a set of seven experimental/testing protocols offered as next-step guidance).

high null result Generative Engine Optimization at Scale: Measuring Brand Vis... proposed_protocols_for_causal_testing

We analyze 100K+ prompt responses across 100+ brands tracked on Ranqo between March and May 2026.

Descriptive methods statement in the paper: dataset of 100K+ AI prompt responses collected via Ranqo covering 100+ distinct brands over the period March–May 2026.

high null result Generative Engine Optimization at Scale: Measuring Brand Vis... prompt_responses_count

We study shared-workspace human-AI teams using the Collaborative Gym environment with DiscoveryBench tasks.

Methodological description in the paper stating the experimental environment and task suite used.

high null result Searching for Synergy in Shared Workspace Human-AI Collabora... experimental platform and task set used

We ran 1,482 sessions in our experiments.

Statement in the paper reporting total experimental sessions (Collaborative Gym + DiscoveryBench).

high null result Searching for Synergy in Shared Workspace Human-AI Collabora... number of experimental sessions

The article presents a comprehensive framework spanning macro-level governance principles and micro-level interaction typologies, illustrated through case examples from telecommunications, retail, insurance, and consumer products sectors.

Descriptive/methodological claim in the paper indicating the presence of a framework and sectoral case examples (no quantitative sample sizes reported for cases).

high null result Designing Human-Machine Collaboration: Strategic Imperatives... presence of a multi-level framework and illustrative case examples across specif...

The article draws on Deloitte's 2026 Global Human Capital Trends survey of over 3,000 business leaders across 15 countries.

Methodological/data source statement explicitly provided in the paper.

high null result Designing Human-Machine Collaboration: Strategic Imperatives... survey scope (sample size and country coverage)

A 2015-2017 backward extension (224 firms, 601 observations) supplies pre-treatment data and provides evidence against pre-existing upward-trend confounds in SG&A-to-revenue.

Additional panel extension covering 2015-2017 with 224 firms and 601 firm-year observations, used to test pre-trends.

high null result What Capital After Labor? Forecasting the Talent ROI Transit... absence of pre-existing upward trend in SG&A-to-revenue

In practice, decision makers are often constrained to adjusting coarser levers within existing prediction pipelines (e.g., excluding perceived-manipulable features and using standard regularization).

Stated observation about practical constraints in applied settings (motivating assumption described in abstract).

high null result Strategic Feature Selection typical operational constraints on predictor adjustment (feature exclusion, regu...

The study contributes theoretically by integrating perspectives from productivity economics, public administration, and systemic risk within a sociotechnical systems framework; empirically by providing a comprehensive synthesis of evidence on AI and public sector productivity; and methodologically by applying transparent PRISMA 2020 review procedures.

Author-stated contributions supported by the paper's literature integration, systematic review (68 studies), and use of PRISMA 2020 methods.

high null result AI Adoption in Local Government: Productivity, Systemic Risk... theoretical, empirical, and methodological contributions

This study systematically reviews 68 peer reviewed empirical studies published between 2015 and 2025 using PRISMA 2020 methodology.

Methods statement in the paper describing the systematic review procedure and sample of included studies.

high null result AI Adoption in Local Government: Productivity, Systemic Risk... number and scope of empirical studies reviewed

During preparation of the dissertation, I used generative AI tool ChatGPT for limited language assistance (grammar correction, stylistic refinement, and improving clarity); the intellectual content is entirely the author's own.

Author statement in the dissertation (declaration of use of ChatGPT for language assistance).

high null result Vloga umetne inteligence in digitalne kulture pri spodbujanj... use of generative AI for language editing

We study brand dynamics in LLM recommendations using skincare products across three commercial LLMs (GPT-4o-mini, Claude Sonnet, Gemini 3 Flash).

Methods statement in the paper: experiments conducted on three named commercial LLMs using skincare product prompts; described as three experiments with a robustness check on search goods.

high null result Incumbent Advantage: Brand Bias and Cognitive Manipulation D... models_tested

The paper proposes an integration framework covering use case suitability, autonomy levels, technical integration, governance, security, employee enablement, and measurable impact.

Paper presents a proposed framework (descriptive; the existence of the proposal is internal to the paper).

high null result The Integrator Advantage: Controlled Agentic AI for Small an... framework_components_for_integration

Unlike traditional automation or conversational AI, agentic systems can interpret goals, plan multi-step tasks, access tools, interact with enterprise systems, and execute workflows with varying degrees of autonomy.

Descriptive definition and capability listing in the paper (conceptual/technical description). No empirical validation provided.

high null result The Integrator Advantage: Controlled Agentic AI for Small an... capabilities_of_ai_systems

Agentic AI marks a new phase of enterprise automation.

Author's high-level claim in the paper (conceptual/position statement). No empirical data or sample reported.

high null result The Integrator Advantage: Controlled Agentic AI for Small an... emergence_of_technology

We provide a candid assessment of the problems Mojo does and does not yet solve.

Paper claims to include evaluative discussion of limitations and unsolved problems; descriptive statement about paper content.

high null result Mojo: A Promising Tool for Scalable Financial AI Efficiency discussion/assessment of Mojo's current limitations

Larger-scale GPU workload results are projections calibrated from published benchmarks.

Paper states that larger GPU results are not directly measured but are projections calibrated using published benchmarks; no calibration dataset size given in the excerpt.

high null result Mojo: A Promising Tool for Scalable Financial AI Efficiency projected performance for larger-scale GPU workloads

We benchmark four core financial AI workloads: Monte Carlo option pricing, LLM sentiment inference, multi-asset backtesting, and portfolio Value at Risk.

Paper reports that these four workloads were benchmarked (method: benchmarking); number of distinct workload types = 4.

high null result Mojo: A Promising Tool for Scalable Financial AI Efficiency conducting benchmarks on four specified workloads

A pilot deployment in Newham's secure environment evaluated operational performance relative to manual workflows.

Paper reports a pilot deployment and an operational evaluation comparing DOMUS to existing manual workflows (method: pilot deployment; specifics such as duration or sample size not stated in provided text).

high null result Optimising Temporary Accommodation Placement Across London w... operational performance relative to manual workflows

Internal control reliability is an important condition for understanding AI-related organizational outcomes.

Author conclusion/interpretation in paper, motivated by empirical findings linking AI investment and ICD risk and by heterogeneity results.

high null result Too Much of a Good Thing? AI Investment and Internal Control... internal control reliability as moderator of AI outcomes

AI investment is measured using capitalized AI-related assets identified from financial-statement footnotes.

Measurement description in paper: AI investment proxy constructed from capitalized AI-related assets extracted from firms' financial-statement footnotes.

high null result Too Much of a Good Thing? AI Investment and Internal Control... AI investment (capitalized AI-related assets)

The study uses 41,725 firm-year observations from Chinese A-share listed firms.

Descriptive statement of sample in paper; sample drawn from Chinese A-share listed firms and reported as 41,725 firm-year observations.

high null result Too Much of a Good Thing? AI Investment and Internal Control... internal control deficiency (ICD) risk

In evaluation runs, the evaluated model controls one coffee roaster while the remaining firms are controlled by fixed reference agents.

Experimental setup described in the paper: one roaster is controlled by the model under test; other five firms use fixed reference agents.

high null result CoffeeBench: Benchmarking Long-Horizon LLM Agents in Heterog... agent-control configuration

Each firm in CoffeeBench seeks to maximize cumulative net income through communication and transactions while managing cash, inventory, and pricing.

Specification of agent objectives and state variables in the benchmark design (cumulative net income objective; resources: cash, inventory; decision variables: pricing and transactions).

high null result CoffeeBench: Benchmarking Long-Horizon LLM Agents in Heterog... cumulative net income

CoffeeBench simulates an economy of two farmers, two roasters, and two retailers operating autonomously over a 90-day simulation.

Environment description in the paper specifying the number and types of firms and the 90-day simulation horizon.

high null result CoffeeBench: Benchmarking Long-Horizon LLM Agents in Heterog... environment structure (number and types of agents and simulation horizon)

The study analyzed three-wave survey data from 312 employees from China.

Three-wave longitudinal survey; sample described as 312 employees in China (N=312) used for empirical analyses.

high null result The impact of organizational artificial intelligence adoptio... None

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